this -that

We use "here" for something which is near to us. Example: Here is the pencil in my hand.

We use "there" for something which is far from us. Example: There is the pen next to the lamp.

We use "this" for one object (singular) which is here (near to us). Example: This is a book in my hand.

We use "that" for one object (singular) which is there. Example: That is his car over there.

We use "these" for more than one object (plural) which are here (near to us). Example: These are my friends next to me.

We use "those" for more than one object (plural) which are there. Example: Those are his toys over there.

We use "there" for one object (singular) which exists - or "is" (near to us). Example: There is (There's) a table next to the window.

We use "there" for more than one object (plural) which exist - or "are". Example: There are (There're) many of my friends at the party tonight.